Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to an endocrine disease group.It is associated with disruption of the process of glucose assimilation.Violations develop due to absolute or relative-hormone deficiency responsible for its processing.In diabetic patients, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a continuous increase in glucose in the plasma.Patients have a violation of all types of metabolism: salt water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common disease.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
The cause of diabetes
The reasons for the development of the first and second type of diabetes are different in the patient.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under thirty years.Insulin production violations occur when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.Thus, there is a destruction of cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.Often, outbreaks, Rubella indigenous, viral hepatitis.These pathological conditions can also develop after the toxic effects on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, several drugs.
These substances contribute to the violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.Impact of immune cells on the island -pancreatic langergenes causing their death.In this case, the production of insulin is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the uncertainty of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of insulin in the plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not see it.There are the majority of patients such as diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- A genetic predisposition.Such patients have diabetic relatives.If both parents suffer from them, the probability of heritage of tendency to increase to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large number of adipose tissue in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the dominance of simple carbohydrates and lack of fiber in foods, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Forms of severe disease - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension leads to increased tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this case, the levels of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increase.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Take some medicine.Groups of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes include: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive, cytostatic drugs.
- Chronic deficiency of adrenal cortex.The disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, the penetration of glucose into the cell decreases and its level of blood increases.
Symptoms of diabetes
- unstoppable thirst;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Small skin lesions slowly -healing;
- vomiting;
- continuous nausea;
- acetone odor from the patient;
- respiratory tasks;
- heart rate;
- skin itching;
- rapid weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduces visual acuity.
When these signs appear, you should consult your doctor immediately to test blood sugar levels.
Type of diabetes
Pathology, depending on the cause, is divided into several types.The following types of diseases are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, special forms, and gestational diabetes.
Diabetes type 1
Option 1 type occurs with the lack of insulin production in the body.It is a hormone that controls glucose metabolism in the tissue.The deficiency occurs due to the damage to the pancreatic beta cells due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies to the body's own tissue.This condition occurs after viral infection, severe stress, other adverse factors.
This disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden onset.Symptoms are spoken, because cells are quickly finding themselves in a state of starvation.Very high levels of glucose are detected, usually reaching up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
Various variants of the disease are considered pepper diabetes.This is an autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with Latent Course Features.For him, the typical decrease in insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Diabetes type 2
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is this excess level of hormone.Cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of the substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all individuals identified with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among the common diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual onset.Symptoms are rare.Glucose levels rise moderate.Antibodies are not detected to pancreatic cells.This condition contributes to the patient's late appeal to the doctor when complications arise.
A complication of diabetes
Acute and chronic complications are separate from the disease.Acute complications grow rapidly and require admission to emergency hospitals.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the level of glucose is sharply reduced.It occurs with insulin overdose, soon food, physical tension.The patient has starvation, the feeling of shaking in his or her hands, dizziness, sweating, aggressive.Then consciousness is damaged.
- Ketoacidosis.Thus, glucose levels are increasing.It does not enter the cell and accumulates in the blood.This condition is characterized by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The odor of acetone comes from the patient.The confusion appears, sleepy.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by increased blood glucose with general dehydration.
- A lactat-acidotic coma.This condition occurs in the elderly with the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders due to oxygen starvation.
Patients with signs of this pathological condition require immediate medical treatment.
In late complications, vascular and nervous system wounds are observed.Diabetes angiopathy is a major loss of blood vessels.It extends to the caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of nephropathy and diabetes retinopathy.Macroangiopathy attracts in vessels, brain and arteries in the lower leg.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If these disruptions are suspected, the following studies are set:
- blood glucose levels;
- Urine analysis for the body of glucose and ketones;
- glycosilat hemoglobin test;
- C-Peptides in the blood;
- Pressure test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, kidney ultrasound scanning, EEG brain, rheoencephalography, and foot vessels are prescribed.
Diabetes treatment
Implementation of a doctor's prescription should be noted strictly.Blood sugar and drug treatment are carried out with this disease for survival.These steps slow down the pathological process and prevent complications.
Pathological treatment shows a decrease in blood glucose, as well as normalization of metabolism and prevents the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Dietotherapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account weight, age, level of physical activity.Patients are taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the dish, they should contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What to eat | That you can't eat |
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* The table presents a list of incomplete products.To organize the right and full diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of diet in the disease:
- It should produce products that quickly increase blood glucose concentration.This is the high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the amount of calorie content.The energy value of the dish is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe six dietary diet.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to the diet, then this only allows you to improve the patient's condition.In the form of mild illness, only power correction is skipped.
It's better to use low food.They should be rich in protein, plant fiber and food fiber.
Product limit containing large amounts of animal fat, rapid carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out in accordance with the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels control systematically.Insulin is produced in three types: short, prolonged, middle.
Prolonged drugs are administered once a day.Compliance with individual selected schemes for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to achieve compensation for the disease.
The level of self -control glycemia
Control itself glucose content in the blood is performed daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at an easy time.These devices help create a balanced diet, develop plans for physical activity, determine insulin time and medicine.Measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps maintain a normal glucose concentration.
Saharasses
Agents -sugar in tablets are prescribed for second type diabetes in addition to diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Sulfonylmochevins derivatives- stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion, facilitating glucose penetration into cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- Reduces sugar levels, stimulates insulin secretion;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- slows down sugar levels, does not activate enzymes for starch absorption;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduces the amount of sugar released from liver cells, increasing the vulnerability of cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the health and condition of the patient to prevent sharp changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Diabetic patients should always be observed with endocrinology-they will help organize the lifestyle, diet and treatment needed.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase the body's resistance to infection, and patients with type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as a serious disease.In the absence of treatment, serious complications develop a threatening life.If the symptoms of sugar appear, you should consult your doctor instead of yourself.